Analysis of The Discovery of the Atomic Bomb by Sheinkin Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The author of the book, Sheinkins pieces together the use of quotes, narrative style, small details and detailed research to come up with a highly engaging story. In the book, the author provides a clear description of the first time the atomic bomb experimented in Los Alamos at the Trinity site. The scientists who were involved in the testing gathered inside a bomb shelter and watched the results through thick glass pieces. These glasses were used to protect their sight. The scientists were happy at the success of their test. However, Oppenheimer and his crew of scientists had no idea that Klaus Fuchs had smuggled documents from their lab out of Los Alamos. Fuchs had handed the documents to the Soviets. In the book, Sheinkin gives a balanced reason as to why America decided to use the atomic bomb. He also describes the devastating effects that the bomb that was imposed on the Japanese people. The death of many citizens and the grim outcome of the atomic bomb plagued Oppenheimer fo r many years. The book also explores the battle between ethics and science. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of The Discovery of the Atomic Bomb by Sheinkin or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The Nazis started controlling the production of the materials that were required in the making of the bomb after Germany invaded Europe. These materials included heavy water and uranium. The US devised a secret strategy of secretly inviting the best scientists in the world. The scientists were mostly invited to Los Alamos. Here, they worked under the supervision of Robert Oppenheimer, a theoretical physicist. Consequently, scientists from all over the US disappeared. At Los Alamos in New Mexico, Oppenheimer was in charge of the Manhattan Project.

How The Church Has Been Neglected By The Community Essay

Within the African-American community, Christianity has manifest itself to be one of the cornerstones of the community. Surprisingly enough however, the church was introduced to African-Americans as a means of trying to control the thoughts and actions of the slaves. When analyzing the church in its modern state, it would be hard to come to this realization. Since its humble beginnings, many African-Americans have come to adopt the Christian faith as their own. Even as slaves, African-Americans began starting their own churches to allow them to worship how they wanted. Churches such as Greater Mount Pleasant Missionary Baptist Church (GMPMBC) (which has been a part of the local community since 1939) are prime examples of how the church has grown to become an integral part of the African-American community. This paper will analyze the history of GMPMBC and discuss how it is overlooked in mainstream society. From there, it will transition in to discussing how the church has been neglec ted by the community it serves. In several resource finding Greater Mount Pleasant Missionary Baptist Church have similar characteristic in today American religious history. GMPMBC has four view point as referral to Black Church like Contribution to black people, The Christian faith, Reflect why this church was selected and What are the spiritual implications of this omission to black life and well-begin. This paper will analyze GMPMBC from different resource with the viewpoints asShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Neglect Is The Act Of Maltreating A Child Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesneglect. Eighty percent of these children are under the age of four. We have close to sixteen million children in America and every child deserved a short at the American dream. When every child gets a fair chance at success, American families, communities and economy will eventually benefit. Children face many serious challenges that affect their ability to reach their full potentials because of the violent society we are living in. Child abuse and neglect can be seen in many placesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Black Christ Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesWhite racism† (3). The question of â€Å"Who is the Black Christ?† is addressed in Chapter 3. The question of â€Å"Is the Black Christ enough?† is addressed in Chapters 4 and 5, as Douglas critically examines the relationship of the Black Christ to the Black community and ends with addressing what womanist theology is and why there is a need for it in understanding the Black Christ. In Chapter 3, Douglas presents three different theological perspectives of the Black Christ. Albert Cleage, James Cone, and JRead More​Children with Disabilities are Often Marginalized in Society1299 Words   |  6 Pagesneeds continue to be the most disadvantaged and neglected in third-world countries (Charema, 2007). This paper is concerned with the moral necessity and biblical mandate of providing special education programs in Christian schools in third-world countries when society in those countries does not recognize or value people with special needs. There is a huge gap that cannot be explained by words between head knowledge and experiential knowledge with regard how those people with special needs are segregatedRead MorePaper On Reflections On Revival1496 Words   |  6 PagesNTERACTIVE PAPER ON REFLECTIONS ON REVIVAL By Charles G. Finney Nupur James HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY II: THE REFORMATION AND MODERN CHURCH HIST 0562 INSTRUCTOR: REV. DR. RON KYDD 1st April 2015 Mail Box # 344 Letters on Revival is written by The Rev. Charles G. Finney in year 1946 is series of 32 letters addressed to Ministers of the Gospel and all interested person. It is Finney s Reflections on revival and revival meetings, written in 1845-46, and distributed in the OberlinRead MoreDrugs and Alcohol1682 Words   |  7 Pagesand alcohol is a major social issue (J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano, and Janet Y. Miller, 1992). It is not something that can be solved by the law (Lee P. Brown, 2008). Throughout history, many attempts have been made to try and legalize and control alcohol and drug addiction but has failed. It requires education, international awareness and a lot of work to resolve. Whilst alcohol and certain drugs are not illegal, the potential dangers are well documented. It is in many regards, worse of aRead MoreStatus Offenders, Dependent and Neglected Youths, and Juvenile Victimizations1872 Words   |  7 PagesStatus Offenders, Dependent and Neglected Youths, and Juvenile Victimizations: As they come into contact with the juvenile justice system different, delinquent youths are treated differently in this system. Notably, the jurisdiction of this system and its courts also extends to non-delinquent youths like dependent and neglected youths, and status offenders. However, non-delinquents are not only viewed differently but they are also treated separately from delinquents. In most cases, non-delinquentsRead MoreThe Great Awakening By Theodorus Frelinghuysen884 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause the Dutch population needed ministers./ along with his wife Eva Terhune, a farmer s daughter; and five sons that all entered the ministry, and two daughters that married clergymen,/ Eloquent and vigorous, Frelinghuysen’s ministry stimulated community intellectual life, trained several ministers, and his preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ had a reforming effect, and significant revivals followed./ Unbeknownst to some, Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen; a Dutch Reformed c lergyman, and notedRead MorePositive And Negative Aspects Of The York Bombing1046 Words   |  5 Pages The human existence is the positive and negative aspects of existing as human beings. The countries of our world do not always treat each other respectfully considering there have been 3 world wars in the last 100 years. The recent terrorist attacks at the Charle Hebdo magazine offices and at Jewish Deli in France and 9/11 at the World Trade Center in New York City and at the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. 13 years ago, reflect negatively on our world. The Boston Bombing was also a terrorist attackRead MoreBereavement As A Woman Of Color Strength Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pagesabandonment she explains that her mother would have protected her from the sexual assault. In my opinion the absence of her mother could be a reason to why she is not comfortable in her skin (whiteness) and delaying her self-esteem growth. Lisa s church at first created a barrier between her seeking therapy primarily because of her cultural factors (i.e., African American). In addition, to Lisa’s presenting problems of anxiety and nightmares I would like to inquire the underlying issues to theseRead MoreI Have Never Thought About My Life Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesI can honestly say that I have never thought about my worldviews until now. Growing up in a small town, I had not experienced or been exposed to the â€Å"outside world†. I have always been kept in this bubble surrounded by the same culture, people, and ideas. However, going to college, meeting different students and professors have made me question myself and the world I live in. I became aware of issues found around the world and I wanted to know why these issues were present. After studying specific

Motivation and Organisational Behavior Free Essays

What is motivation? Motivation is define as the stimulus that drives, direct and maintaining the human behavior to reach goals (Wood et al. , 2006). In the context of workplace, motivation will be the one that drive the employee to perform and give more effort to contribute in the company or organization growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Organisational Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, it is crucial that manager keeps their employee or workers motivated. In this essay, one out of four content theories and one out of two process theory will be defined out and compared out. There are 2 types of motivation theory: Content and process theory. While content theory looks to factors within the individual and attempt to answer most of the â€Å"what† question in the context of motivation, process theory emphasize more on â€Å"how† does someone gets motivated. (Vincent Gabriel, 2003). A few theorists that have contributed to the few famous theories are Maslow, Herzberg, Atkinson, and McClelland (Vincent Gabriel, 2003). In theory, there is a continuous relationship between need (drive), tension, action and satisfaction (Reduction of drive). But in reality, it might be more complex than just those 4 actions. These are because: People’s needs are changing over time, and how people react to failure plays a part too. For example a failure to someone will demoralize him, and yet it might push another person to strive for to be better. Hence, their varying needs translated into varying actions of each individual. (Vincent Gabriel, 2003). One of the famous theories in terms of motivation is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory. In this theory, Abraham Maslow defined out human needs in 5 steps, with each lower step must be satisfied or fulfilled before advancing to the further steps. He identify higher order needs, such as self esteem and self actualization and lower order needs such as social, safety and physiological needs (wood et al, 2006). Maslow rank these needs up by assuming which needs are more important, hence the need to satisfy it before other needs can serve as motivators. (Wood et all, 2006). According to Maslow himself, once the lower needs have been satisfied, it will not serve as the motivator anymore (Udechukwu, 2009). For example, for a normal human, the most basic needs include food, water and a place to live. Once this eeds have been fulfilled, he will then move on to the next hierarchy: safety. To put it in rough term, he will then want to be able to continue to eat and drink, hence he will find a job and a source of income to do so. Once that is satisfied too, and then he will be able to move on to the next level, so on and so forth. Hence, as you can see, a person will continue to climb the â€Å"pyramid† until he reaches the top of the scale: self actualization. From here onward, he then will think on how to expand himself further, and start fulfilling other aspect of needs. As what have written previously, while content theory like Maslow’s hierarchy of needs explains out on what are the factors that motivate people, there’s process theory that explain on how does the motivator motivate people, or even, whether is the motivator effective or rather counter-productive instead? In this essay, for the process theory, we are going to look at Adam’s equity theory. Equity theory suggests that employee must develop a sense of fairness after comparing themselves against their peer or others. Huseman et al suggest that there are three types of individuals (Shore, 2004). They are: ‘Benevolents’, who are described as â€Å"giver†, who prefer to have given more input than output. There’s also ‘Entitleds’, who are the â€Å"getter†, who on the contrary to the â€Å"giver†, will feel discontent and unfair when their input is larger than their output, and finally, the third type of individual is the one that what Huseman called Equity Sensitives, who will adhere to the old equity theory and will just stick with the balance of input and output (Shore, 2004). With all the individuals defined, Equity theorist starts to predict that benevolent, entitled, and equity sensitives will respond differently to fairness in workplace. For example, benevolent (giver) will feel more satisfied when they feel that they are under-rewarded than when they were over-rewarded. On the contrary, Entitleds (taker), will feel unsatisfied when they were under-rewarded. On a field study done by Huseman, what have been found out about these 3 individuals is that, indeed that both entitleds and equity sensitives are behaving like what was predicted, but on the contrary of the expectation, enevolents do get more satisfied when they were over-reward (Shore, 2004). This strange phenomenon happened too on other studies by King et al (1993), Alien and White(2002), and also Sauley and Bedeian(2000). Even though all those studies have their own limitation, we can safely conclude that the benevolents are the most tolerant to the under-reward and also more satisfied than the other 2 types of individuals (Shore, 2004). To compare and contrast both the content and process theory mentioned above, we can rather say that they both must be practiced in the workplace instead of only choosing either one. As what have been mentioned earlier on, the content theory is only explain out the â€Å"what† factor of a human motivator. For this, Maslow basically theorized based on what does one needs that haven’t been fulfilled and arranging them up in a hierarchy order (Harris et al, 1993). Whereas process theory will be dwelling on the nature on how or what problem does human see and perceived and whether it will motivate them. To put it simply, what have been explained above about equity theory is that even with a reward, it may affect different individuals differently. Before we look into how a job design actually helps in motivating an employee in a company, let’s take a look on what actually is a job design and what are some of the characteristic first. A job design is basically a planning and specification of a job task so that the job are done like how we want it to be (Wood et al, 2006). Under the job design itself, there are four major areas that we will want to cover later on. Those four are: job simplification, job enlargement, job rotation, and job enrichment. To explain these four aspects better, let us examine a short and simple case of a pirate ship (Rao, 2010). In a pirate ship, there are a lot of jobs involved. It can be as small as normal pirate crew, to the extent until the captain of the ships. Different job have different scopes that need to be fulfilled. Now if we were to design a job in this ship, how will we be able to design it up then? A group of people in MBA have actually grouped them up into two categories: the star tasks and the guardian tasks. The star tasks job scope include target identification, command in the battle until the negotiation for alliance between fleet. Whereas, the guardian task job is rather more operational, such as allocating crews, solving conflicts, executing punishment, distributing loot evenly until the role of medic (Rao, 2010). The question is, is it really efficient then, to lump all those tasks into two groups only? Well, the answer is most probably quite obvious: No. In such setting of the pirate ship, it will be rather hard for one individuals to be able to have the skills to be the Great Star or Great guardian, since both of them require a totally different set of skills. What will happen is that with this kind of job design, it will discourage a crew member to apply for the position of the star or guardian position. In this case, we will want to use job simplification to analyze and solve this issue. Job simplification is meant to make someone excel in a job(wood et al, 2006), for example, a crew member of the ship will be task to do a specific job only (eg. Negotiating with other fleet). In the long term, the crew member will get better and better in that area of job. The strength of this job design approach, however, is its biggest weakness also. This is because, since that the job have been simplified, the crew member will get bored doing it again and again for so many years already. This is when we will want to other approach such as job enlargement, job enrichment and job rotation. Job enlargement involves combining two or more skills that were assigned to separate workers previously (Wood et al, 2006). The only difference between this and the job simplification is that now the worker are responsible over different areas and also have more jobs to do (eg. Negotiator can also be tasked to manage the navigation). The other approach that involves equipping the crew or worker with more skills is job rotation. This approach can be defined as working different tasks or in different position for a set of time (Kaymaz, 2010). This approach focus more on the flexibility of the worker, decreasing the monotony, supporting career development, enabling high level of adaptation, and also to decrease stress (Kaymaz, 2010). With all those advantage, the most obvious disadvantage will most probably that the crew or worker will spend too much time to adapt and learn different sets of skills. Last but not least is the job enrichment approach. This involves in adding responsibility to the worker, making their job is more in depth. (wood et al, 2006). With all those job design approach been defined out, it will then enable us to combine and come up with a set of approach that we can use so that our employee are motivated. An appropriate job design can always motivate the employee up if we identify out, each and every single needs of an employee. A new employee that recently joined the company will most probably want to fulfill his physiological needs; hence he will want to have the appropriate salary. If his performance is good most of the time, and the company wants to retain him, the company must takes in the account on whether he is â€Å"benevolents† type or the â€Å"entitleds† type to measure the tolerance level on deciding his pay. Once all of those approach has been made, company must also keep close look on the employee, so that they can react fast to apply other approach such as job enlargement or even to the extent of job enrichment and empowerment if the employees begun to show signals that they are not motivated anymore. And now, we have covered the content theory of Maslow, the Adam’s Equity theory for the process theory in the context of motivation theory, and we also have covered job design approach and how to apply it in the company and organization. Hence it will be pretty obvious, that to motivate people, we will want to know what’s the key motivator is the person, whether he will be motivated with the changes that have been made and also how can the company change to motivate him better. How to cite Motivation and Organisational Behavior, Essay examples

How I Learned to Cook free essay sample

How I Learned to Cook I want to tell how I began to learn cooking, and how I succeeded in this. When I was a child, approximately eight, I wanted to make a present for my mother. She was working hard and came back home late. So, I decided to cook for her a kind of food named ravioli with cottage cheese. It, like other kinds of food, has its rules of preparation. I didnt care about them, and I did what I thought was correct. Its a funny story. Each time when I remember it I laugh. At the end, I had a bowl with a mixture of dough and cheese. But I didnt stop to have interest for cooking. Later, my grandmother was the person who taught me to cook. She is a good cook. I watched her and asked questions. It was easier to cook after I saw in person how its done. We will write a custom essay sample on How I Learned to Cook or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I used the observation way for learning cooking. Then most of what I learned was Just by reading a cooking book and following recipes. After a while, I became good in following the recipes. Every time, I discovered something new. Then I tried to alter the recipes to coincide with my own taste. There were a lot of trials and errors, but it was interesting. With time, my cooking skills were progressing, and at the present I know to cook quickly and tastily. Finally, I understood that experience of doing something is the best way to reinforce learning.

Hrm Paper free essay sample

HRM Paper Week 8 †¢Assignment # 2 – Comprehensive Case: â€Å"Muffler Magic† Read the â€Å"Muffler Magic† case and write a four-to-five (4-5) page report that answers the following: 1. Specify three (3) recommendations about the functions of recruiting, selection, and training that you think Ron Brown should be addressing with his HR manager now. Currently youre allowing your HR to hire employees without carefully screening each and every candidate, checking their references and work ethic due to such a high demand of staff. Envitably, youre higher mediocre applicants for more than mediocre pay and at the risk of your name and overall profitability. Being able to answer minimal questions shouldnt be enough to be hired as a technician and questions such as what do you think the problem is if a 2001 Camery is overheating? What would you do? should not be enough to secure a position within the company. Muffler Magic offers a range of products and services and engine issues is merely one of the many situations an employee may come across. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How do these types of generic questions answer if your applicant is able to fulfill the requirements for muffler replacements, oil changes, and brake jobs? Obviously, from looking at the handful of situational mishaps youve described your HR department is merely hiring whoever walks into the office and in return youre given inaccurate and potentially life threatening break jobs and repairs out of the companies pocket. This is not acceptable and it is no wonder why the company isnt profiting. One of the reasons behinds why you dont necessarily want to adapt or change some crucial points within the company is the money. If you broke down one instance where there was an error made by one of your associates, take the engine for instance a new engine can cost any consumer somewhere in the ballpark of $2,000 to $4,000*not including the benefits or any extra perks. Now lets say that one of these errors happened in every single store then youre looking at $50,000+ worth of mistakes coming out of Magic Mufflers pocket (keep in mind that estimated figure is from 1 mistake). With that type of money, I would imagine you could hire and appropriately train quite a few applicants that would be worth your time and money. I would recommend changing your recruiting, selecting and training standards immediately. Starting with the recruiting aspect of Magic Muffler. Instead of allowing the applicants come to you, why dont we go above and beyond and seek the preferred applicant. We can still advertise through local newspapers and internet, but we really should be seeking out those employees that have some kind of responsibility and potential retainability. The one major thing I didnt see in the recruiting process youre currently using is zoning in on what type of candidate are you looking forin terms of education level and experience level based upon the types of work they will be working on. One of the huge factors to remember is Presently, vehicles use high-tech computers and complex electronic systems to monitor the performance of the vehicle. A strong sense of understanding concerning the operation of a vehicle, including how each device interacts, as well as the ability to deal with electronic diagnostic equipment and digital reference manuals is key to the success of a technician(http://www. careeroverview. com/auto-mechanic-careers. tml) Therefore, Magic Muffler is in need of a qualified individual that is capable of working with UTD automotive machinery and possible situations that could arise. Therefore Magic Muffler should be spending their money recruiting individuals that have successfully completed a vocational training program in automotive service technology(ie:Automotive Youth Education Service (AYES)). For a more advanced position they will need ,in addition to vocational training, stoma kind of Postsecondary automotive technician training whether through a prior company, community college or technical college. Finally other qualifications you should be focused on while recruiting is the ability to diagnose the source of a problem quickly and accurately, good reasoning ability and a thorough knowledge of automobiles, strong communication and analytical skills and good reading, mathematics, and computer skills to study technical manuals with the drive to continuously keep up with new technology and learn new service and repair procedures and specifications. To find these types of applicants I would recommend some type of college recruiting; starting with on campus recruiting and then continuing the recuriting process with an onsite visit. Continuing with the selection process, I think its quite obvious that we should be focusing on a Personality Profile Analysis, which applicants can perform online and follow this up with a PPA(200 HRM BOOK). If you chose not to go that route you can always focus on tests of cognitive abilities (more specifically aptitude testing and motor/physical abilities). If these tests pan out then we should go forward with a background check/reference check. This may seem to be an overwhelming process, but finding the perfect candidates is essential to low turnover rates and high satisfaction level across the board. The next step is to select the applicants that you are satisfied with their performance on the tests, interview and background check. After applicants are chosen and hired, we need to start with an orientation of the company and its overall goals and next is training. Although OTJ training does offer a lot to the employee it is not enough for these types of positions. Considering car technology is constantly advancing there needs to a need to continuously further your mechanics knowledge. As a responsible employer you should send your experienced automotive service technicians to manufacturer training centers to learn to repair new models or to receive special training in the repair of components, such as electronic fuel injection or air-conditioners and even beginner mechanics who show potential may be sent to manufacturer-sponsored technician training programs to upgrade or maintain employees skills. There are of course crucial training necessary, which cannot be offered OTJ and that is electronics training. This is vital because electrical components, or a series of related components, account for nearly all malfunctions in modern vehicles. As the employee continues to thrive the company should offer additional training for possible certifications or advancement opportunities. For example: the ASE certification has become a standard credential for automotive service technicians. While not mandatory for work in automotive service, certification is common for all experienced technicians in large, urban areas. Certification is available in eight different areas of automotive service, such as electrical systems, engine repair, brake systems, suspension and steering, and heating and air-conditioning. For certification in each area, technicians must have at least 2 years of experience and pass the examination. Completion of an automotive training program in high school, vocational or trade school, or community or junior college may be substituted for 1 year of experience. For ASE certification as a Master Automobile Technician, technicians must pass all eight examinations. http://www. ehow. com/facts_4830630_cost-car-engine-replacement. html 2. Write three (3) questions for a structured interview form that Ron Brown’s service center managers can use to interview experienced technicians. (Note: do not list possible answers. ) As I had said previously asking generic questions are not going to offer you the results in which most employers desire. There are a couple of things that should b e kept in mind when creating these questions such as; which type of questions would be more effective in displaying the qualities Muffler Magic desires? Considering HR already has a lot to do with the hiring process, I think the appropriate form of interview would be a structured situational interview. After analyzing the positions and rating the jobs main duties, we would need to create questions reflecting such duties and daily knowledge to perform them. Three questions I would use to test the waters would be: What training(classroom or on the job), have you had with engine, transmission or brake diagnostic equipment? Identify the diagnostic program and was it computer and software based? Have you worked with engine, transmission or brake diagnostic equipment computer and software? What was the diagnostic program and what was your involvement? What experience, knowledge, and skill do you have with air brake systems, anti lock, and heavy-duty truck suspensions? Relate your experience and describe your skills working with school bus, heavy-duty trucks, light duty pick-up truck, and van bodies/Relate your experience and describe your skills working with heavy and medium-duty diesel and gasoline-powered engines and light-duty pick-up truck and van engines. (www. msbo. org/library/HumanRes/Interview/Mech. doc)

Financial Inclusion Essays

Financial Inclusion Essays Financial Inclusion Essay Financial Inclusion Essay CONCEPT OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION Financial inclusion denotes the provision of affordable financial services, (viz. , access to payments and remittance facilities, savings, loans and insurance services) by the formal financial system to those who tend to be excluded. The various formal financial services include credit, savings, insurance, pension and payments and remittance facilities. The most commonly understood objective of financial inclusion is to extend the scope of activities of the organized financial system of banking services mostly, to include within its ambit people with low incomes. In India the emphasis of the financial inclusion programmes at present is restricted to ensuring a bare minimum access to a savings bank account without frills, to all. Globally, financial exclusion has been observed in a much wider perspective. Merely having a current account/savings account on its own, is not regarded as an accurate indicator of financial inclusion. Narrowly, financial exclusion denotes a situation where people do not possess either a saving account or a loan account with a formal banking institution. Though this explanation is useful to recognize the unbanked individuals uickly, it does not seem to be appropriate to undertake an in depth study on the nature and drivers of financial exclusion. A more comprehensive definition of financial exclusion endeavours to relate it to the exclusion from the main stream financial system, comprising of banks and other financial institutions, insurance companies etc encompassing other ideas of financial illiteracy, financial discrimination and financial exploitation. Financial literacy tends to be associated more with numeracy skills and also the ability to understand more complicated products. : Financial awareness on the other hand would indicate a cursory nderstanding of what instruments are out there and which one can take advantage of. The low level of financial literacy is sometimes blamed on the failure of many government initiatives to increase financial inclusion. However, in many cases, the lack of information that the target beneficiaries display may be the result of lack of information or lack of financial awareness. While studies show mixed results in the long term impact of financial literacy training, lack of financial awareness should be much easier to correct. Specifically in the context of the financial inclusion drive, media reports have pointed owards the low levels of financial literacy as one of the reasons why the drive has failed. While ensuring that the entire unbanked population of India becomes financially literate seems like a formidable task, ensuring that the unbanked population hears about the drive, the benefits of a savings account and how to use one seems much more achievable. Absolute financial exclusion results in poverty and this consequently leads to social exclusion. The outcome of social exclusion is again financial exclusion and thus a vicious cycle is shaped. This also causes financial iscrimination and even worse, financial exploitation of the poorer sections of the society. At a micro level, the division between haves and have-nots keeps broadening, while at a macro level, this shakes national and economic growth. Markets exclude people on the grounds of lack of sufficient income which can be translated into purchasing power, lack of assets whether physical or financial, lack of capabilities acquired through education, training or experience which are translatable into labor, and those sections of people that have no market values such as tribal populations. In India, most authors have categorised these causes based on atterns in deifferent case studies as: 1. Most frequent including low income, nil or low savings, lack of assets, unemployment and use of inappropriate products. 2. Less frequent including psychological/disability issues, feeling of being excluded, indigenous/ethnic issues, geographical remoteness, lack of pc/internet access etc. 3. Personal factors such as cultural norms, gender, age and legal identity VARIOUS DIMENSIONS OF FINANCIAL EXCLUSION 1. Access Exclusion People may be monetarily excluded either by denying a savings account or a loan or credit account to them by the banks. Banks appear to be contented in offering saving ccount to people as it does not implicate any risk, except for verifying the identity of the customer. But, banks are very often unwilling in opening loan or credit account as they have to make some risk valuation in respect of the prospective borrower. Thus some individuals do not get access to credit account as they are expected to be assessed credit unworthy by the banks. . Condition Exclusion Sometimes certain conditions attached to financial products make improper to the disadvantaged people. The most common instance being prescribing margins and asking collateral securities, a problem that was addressed recently by the Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India by directing the banks to sanction education loans up to 4 lakhs without any collateral security. 3. Price Exclusion The prices (mainly interest rates) and service charges of selected financial products are not attractive to the prospective borrowers. If the banks are reluctant to offer these products at reasonable rates, people particularly living on low income may find themselves excluded from the conventional banking system. 4. Marketing Exclusion Since the advent of financial reforms in 1991, banks both Public Sector Banks and New Generation Private and Foreign Banks have been in a cut throat competition to ntice high worth customers. They seem to have been implementing marketing tactics for their products targeting at the high valued customers. This customer categorisation in practice excludes the poor and vulnerable from the banking system. The opening up of large number of NRI branches is enough to exemplify this issue. 5. Geographical Exclusion People living in far-flung and geographically terrain places are at the risk of being financially excluded. Bank closures in a specific geographical area may even lead to the financial desertification of that area. 6. Technological Exclusion In the recent technological era banks have undergone a transformation from the Brick mortar infrastructure staffed banks to internet and mobile banking. Such new generation banking techniques cannot be practiced by people having no basic understanding in computer related processes. Hence such people are likely to be excluded from the contemporary banking operations. Financial inclusion has many benefits. Following are some of the benefitssummed up. It paves the way for establishment of an account relationship which helps thepoor to avai a variety of savings products and loan products for housing ,consumption, etc. An inclusive financial system facilitates efficient allocation of productiveresources and thus can potentially reduce the cost of capital. This also enables the customer to remit funds at low cost. The government canutilize such bank accounts for social security services like health and calamityinsurance under various schemes for disadvantaged. From the banks point of view, having such social security cover makes the financing of such personsless risky. Reduced risk means more flow of funds at better rates. Access to approp riate financial services can significantly improve the day-to-day management of finances. For example, bills for daily utilities(municipality, water, electricity, telephone) can be more easily paid by usingcheques or through internet banking, rather than standing in the queue in theoffices of the service. Transfer of money can be done more safely and easily by using the cheque,demand draft or through internet banking. A bank account also provides a passport to a range of other financial productsand services such as short term credit facilities, overdraft facilities and creditcard. Further, a number of other financial products, such as insurance andpension products, necessarily require the ccess to a bank account Lastly, the Employment Guarantee Scheme of the Government which is beingrolled out in200 districts in the country would bring in large number of peoplethrough their savings accounts into the banking system. Cross country experience t has been estimated by Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) that about2. 5 to 3billion people around the world are still excluded from basic financialservices. The situation is particularly dire in the Least Developed countries. In mostof the developing countries like India China the extent of exclusion is in the rangeof 25%-65%. So, taking into cognizance the importance of financial inclusion, theinternational community has taken a number of measures to mitigate the hiatusbetween the financially excluded non- excluded. The following analysis describesthe extent measures taken by different countries to mitigate financial exclusion. USA In USA of total households 22% of the low income households gowithout the banks there to provide banking services to all the needy. Some stateslike New York made it mandatory for the banks to provide accounts to all citizens. U. K. Nearly 12 percent of Englands households are unbanked. Free face to face moneyadvice to targeted groups in the areas of high exclusion is in vogue. The govt has setup a Financial Inclusion fund of 120 mn pounds to support initiatives to tacklefinancial exclusion.. An enhanced legislative environment for credit unions hasbeen established, accompanied by tighter regulations to ensure greater protectionforinvestors. A Post Office Card Account (POCA) has been created for those who areunable or unwilling to access a basic bank account. The concept of a SavingsGateway has been piloted. This offers those on low-income employments El fromthe state for very El they invest, up to a maximum of E25 per month. In additionthe Community Finance Learning Initiatives (CFLls) were also introduced with aview to promoting basic financial literacy among housing association tenants. Australia Only 3% of adults lacked bank account in Australia till 2002-03. This has been theresult of continuous Joint efforts by government the banks in educating the peopleabout the benefits of financial products. France In 1984 the bank of France through Banking Act made access to bank accounts alegal right in France. In 1992 the banking industry in France signed a charter oprovide bank account to all. Bangladesh. Grameen bank of Bangladesh under the stalwartship of Md. Yunus hasrevolutionized the movement of financial inclusion. It targeted low income peopleespecially the women (97% of total borrowers) who were denied credit by othercom. Banks. It has successfully posted a recovery rate of 98. 85%. It has also recentlyincluded the beggars within its credit network under a special program i. e. Struggling Members programmed. Approximately 81000 beggars have already beenbenefited by the programme. South Africa. More than half of the population here are below poverty line. Only 4% of otalpopulace has bank accounts 1% only avail credit from formal sources. To dealwith the situation Dakar Conference ha been organized under the banner of U. N. ln2004, UNDP UNCDF Jointly lunched a program called Building Financialsecurity in Africa. MF, U. N. World Bank have extended very good support for building an inclusivesociety in the world. U. N. has framed Blue Book in consultation with thedeveloped underdeveloped countries as a tool guide for policy makers whoseek to build inclusive financial growt Calculation of financial inclusion index Several factors have been used to determine the extent of financial inclusion in ifferent calcul ations across the globe. The most commonly accepted indicator has been the number of bank accounts (per 1000 adult persons) yet this has been regarded as not being the sole indicator in India . Some other indicators are the number of bank branches (per million people), total number of ATMs (per million people), amount of bank credit and amount of bank deposit. Banking sector outreach penetration, loan and deposit accounts per capita, loan-income and deposit-income ratios and so on. All these indicators offer significant and valuable evidence on outreach of the financial system of an economy. However, when used individually, each of these factors provide only fractional information on the inclusiveness of the financial system. A new index on financial inclusion released by ratings firm CRISIL reveals that the number of loan accounts per lakh of population in the southern States stands at 17,142. However, this healthy fgure can be easily offset by the under-penetration of formal banking facilities in most parts of the country Just one in two Indians has a savings account, and only one in seven Indians have access to banking credit! CRISIL used bank branch, credit and deposit penetration (per lakh opulation) to assign scores to each district and then arrived at a score for every State and Union Territory. RBI policy initiatives to foster financial inclusion The Indian economy switched gears in the early part of thiscentury and has been growing at a healthy pace since then. Asbehemoth in the next few years, the average level of prosperityattained by its populace and the degree of equitable distribution of wealth will, in no small measure, be determined by the scaleof inclusive growth that would have been achieved. Financial inclusion is certainly not Just a recent phenomenon. n India, the earliest effort at financial inclusion can be traced back to 1904, when the co-operative movement began in thecountry. A focal event in its evolution was the banknationalisation programme in 1969, when 14 major commercialbanks were nationalised, and the lead bank scheme was, subsequently, introduced. As a consequence, branches wereopened in large numbers across the nation, even in areas thatwere until then unreached by banks. The agenda for financial inclusion was galvanised in the early2000s in India following the publication of a spate of findings about financial exclusion and its direct correlation to overty. Varied studies have proved that xclusion from the bankingsystem results in a loss of 1 per cent to the countrys grossdomestic product (GDP). Policymakers in India are acutely aware that, in a phase of highgrowth, the ramifications of leaving a huge section of the peopleout of the development process could be disastrous and arehence designing appropriate policies for financial inclusion. Complementing the governments efforts, the Reserve Bank oflndia (RBI) has, over the years, undertaken numerous initiativessuch as introduction of priority sector lending requirements for anks, establishment of regional rural banks (RRBs), and selfhelpgroup-bank linkage programmes to augment theavailability of financial services to the poor and marginalisedsegments of society. In the last few years, RBI also initiated the requirement thatbanks provide no-frills accounts, improve the outreach ofbanking services through the business facilitator and business correspondent models, and set up the goal for banks to provideaccess to formal banking to all 74,414 villages with a populationover 2000. This target of covering villages with a population ofover 2000 was largely achieved as of end March 2012 (99. 7 percent). The goal towards financial inclusion has accordingly beenrefined in June 2012; in the next Financial unbanked villages with population of less than 2000 withbanking services. n February 2011, the Government of India and the Indian Banks Association (IBA) Jointly launched Swabhimaan, anationwide programme on financial inclusion, to bring thedeprived sections of society under the banking network, andensure that the benefits of economic growth percolate to alllevels. This programme targets facilitating opening of banks accounts, providing need-based cre dit, remittance facilities andpromoting financial literacy in rural India. Although the target groups may differ from country to country orregion to region, financial inclusion refers, in its broadest sense,to the delivery of financial services at affordable costs to allsections, including the disadvantaged and low-income groups RBI has come up a number of policy initiatives to expand financial inclusion in the country . It has focussed on four aspects of reach, access, transactions and products. It has been successful to some extent in achieveing the objective of inclusion but the result of these policy initiatives are yet to be checked on the touchstone of statistical reality. Reach a. Branch expansion in rural areas Branch authorisation has been relaxed to the extent that banks do not require prior permission to open branches in centres with population less than 1 lakh, which is subject to reporting. To further step up the opening of branches in rural areas, banks have been mandated to open at least 25 per cent of their new branches in unbanked rural cen tres. In the Annual Policy Statement for 2013-14, banks have been advised to consider frontloading (prioritizing) the opening of branches in unbanked rural centres over a three year cycle co-terminus with their FIPs. This is expected to facilitate the branch expansion in unbanked rural centres. b. Agent Banking Business Correspondent/ Business Facilitator Model In January 2006, the Reserve Bank permitted banks to utilise the services of intermediaries in providing banking services through the use of business facilitators and business correspondents. The BC model allows banks to do cash in cash out transactions at a location much closer to the rural population, thus addressing the last mile problem. c. Combination of Branch and BC Structure to deliver Financial Inclusion The idea is to ave a combination of physical branch network and BCs for extending financial inclusion, especially in geographically dispersed areas. To ensure increased banking penetration and control over operations of BCs, banks have been advised to establish low cost branches in the form of intermediate brick and mortar structures in rural centres between the present base branch and BC locations, so as to provide support to a cluster of BCs (about 8-10 BCs) at a reasonable distance of about 3-4 kilometers. II. Access a. Relaxed KYC norms Know Your Customer (KYC) requirements have been simplified to such an extent that mall accounts can be opened with self certification in the presence of bank officials. RBI has allowed Aadhaar to be used as one of the eligible documents for meeting the KYC requirement for opening a bank account. b. Roadmap for Banking Services in unbanked Villages In the first phase, banks were advised to draw up a roadmap for providing banking services in every village having a population of over 2,000 by March 2010. Banks have phase, Roadmap has been prepared for covering remaining unbanked villages i. e. with population less than 2000 in a time bound manner. About 490,000 unbanked illages with less than 2000 population across the country have been identified and allotted to various banks. The idea behind allocating villages to banks was to ensure availability of at least one banking outlet in each village. Ill. Products Bouquet of Financial services In order to ensure that all the financial needs of the customers are met, we have advised banks to offer a minimum of four basic products, viz. A savings cum overdraft account A pure savings account, ideally a recurring or variable recurring deposit A remittance product to facilitate EBT and other remittances, and Entrepreneurial redit products like a General Purpose Credit Card (GCC) or a Kisan Credit Card (KCC) V. Transactions Direct Benefit Transfer The recent introduction of direct benefit transfer, leveraging the Aadhaar platform, will help f acilitate delivery of social welfare benefits by direct credit to the bank accounts of beneficiaries. The government, in future, has plans to route all social security payments through the banking network, using the Aadhaar based platform as a unique identifier of beneficiaries. In order to ensure smooth roll out of the Governments Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) initiative, banks have been advised to: Open accounts of all eligible individuals in camp mode with the support of local Government authorities. Seed the existing and new accounts with Aadhaar numbers. Put in place an effective mechanism to monitor and review the progress in implementation of DBT. MEASURES TAKEN TO IMPROVE FINANCIAL INCLUSION Few of the factors listed above have already been addressed by the RBI and other banks. KYC Know Your Customer norms has been simplified. Credit cards are made available at an affordable price. The community-bank linkage programme has been initiated. The Indian financial system which is effectively controlled by the GOI and RBI has een reacting positively in order to solve the problems of FE. Detailed study has been conducted by various committees and they have suggested several STEPS to be taken by the RBI AND GO. These steps were RECOMMENDATIONS given by expert committees. Steps or recommendations were : BRANCH EXPANSION PROGRAMMES were given a thrust. Incentives were given to those who willingly managed RURAL BRANCES. SHG-Self Help Groups-Bank Linkage programme Support to MFI Micro Finance Institutions Establishing Kiosks in rural locations Kisan Credit Card GCC SBI has been very active in introducing tiny credit cards and other related benefits. Money Management: How to proactively manage money Debt Management: How to control debt and avoid over-indebtedness [1 5] Managing Savings: How to save regularly and in a safe location Financial Negotiations: How to strengthen clients bargaining position vis-? ¤-vis input suppliers, other household members, and financial institutions Use of Bank Services: How banks work and impose charges; How clients can maximize bank services, interact with banks, and effectively use ATMS COMMITTEES ON FINANCIAL INCLUSION 0 Dr. Nachiket Mor Committee To develop a comprehensive monitoring framework to track the progress of financial nclusion and deepening efforts on a nationwide basis 0 Sambamurthy Committee A technical committee on mobile banking to examine the options and alternatives including the feasibility of using encrypted SMS based funds transfer using an application that can run on any type of handset for expansion of mobile banking in the country. CONCLUSION 0 Drift from objective of social impact to profit maximisation 0 Rates of interest 0 No scientific evidence or statistics on strategies and products. 0 Minimal level of education required. 0 Cost of small value transactions. 0 Psychological facts still persist. The issue of financial exclusion is widespread in India. The existing financial inclusion strategies are not seemed to be effective in creating an inclusive financial system which is very important in attaining inclusive growth. Opening no frill accounts does not seem to be the only panacea for solving this problem. Measures will have to be taken by the government to economically activate the people so that the demand for financial product arises, leading to the effective financial inclusion of people. In countries with diverse social and economic profile like India, financial ducation is particularly relevant for people who have poor resources and who operate at the margin and are vulnerable to persistent downward financial pressures. With no established banking relationship, the un-banked poor are pushed towards expensive alternatives. The challenges of household cash management under difficult circumstances with few resources to fall back upon could be accentuated by the lack of skills or knowledge to make well informed financial decisions. Financial education can help them prepare ahead of time for life cycle needs and deal with unexpected emergencies without assuming unnecessary debt

Perceptions of the self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perceptions of the self - Essay Example According to Kant (2007), the main experience of the world is not only in terms of a spoilt stream of sensations, but see and experience a world full of relationships, ideas, objects living within a stable framework of both time and design. At times, the discreet and also randomly similar sensations, rule peoples experience; for example when a strong fever generates funny hallucinations. Nevertheless, we stay in a stable and precise, orderly world where the different sensations become built together in a framework that is familiar to us. In Kant’s (2007) view, the problem Hume had was not on his starting point, but solely on the reason that he refused to move from the starting point to the next level of experience. Though we know that knowledge starts with experience, it does not mean that everything comes from experience. It can even be from the empirical knowledge that consists of what we get from the knowledge faculty and also through impressions. According to Kant (2007), human minds sort, organize, relate and then synthesize the pieces of information that the organs of sense absorb. As an example, imagine a person dumps an enormous pile of pieces of the puzzle on a desk. At first glance, they would look like a random collection of different items that are not related and have no meaning. This is just like the sensations of an immediate unreflective experience. Nevertheless, when the person starts to assemble the pieces, they start forming an image that would be significant. In Kant’s (2007) view, this construction activity is what peoples brains are doing every time, taking that raw experience data, and actively assembling it to more familiar, meaningful environment that we live in . Human minds have organized rules or principles built in them. These principles order, arrange, organize and then synthesize the sense data in a more familiar way of peoples lives. The organizing rules precede the